The 4 P´s of Lesson Planning-Very helpful for Catedra II !

I wanted to share this information with my classmates,as it could be very useful for catedra II and of course our future as English teachers! The Four "P's" of Lesson Planning

by K.J. Wagner, M.A.

A sure ingredient in a recipe for disaster is "winging it." As in: "I'm not sure what I'll do today, I'll just wing it." Good classroom managers plan the lesson, procure the products needed, list the procedure to follow, and prepare for potential problems and pitfalls. Proper planning leads to less stress for you and more learning for your students! Preparing a Lesson Lesson plans do not consist of statements such as: "Today we'll cover Chapter 4 in the text book." Rather, lesson plans are designs for learning. They include these basics: Objectives. What is your objective or objectives for teaching this? Generally, you should write the objective in terms of learning outcomes. In other words, what do you want the student to learn as a result of the lesson or unit? It should be observable and measurable. For example: -The student will be able to recite the letters of the alphabet. -The student will be able to sing a song in three part harmony. -The student will be able to access information from an Internet search engine. -The student, given informational-type text, will be able to identify the main idea. -The student will be able to define basic literary terms and apply them to a specific British work. -The student will be able to describe the causes of acid rain. There are categories of objectives including: knowledge and skills. Knowledge, of course, involves cognitive functions. Students categorize, analyze, recall, synthesize, recite, define. A skill concerns performing an action. Students measure, sing, play. Objectives should begin with an action verb. (A list of verbs to use for writing learning objectives is appended to the end of this article.) When appropriate, you should include performance standards or information on how the student will be evaluated. For example: The student will, within a thirty-minute period, write a five-paragraph essay which includes a thesis statement and contains no more than three grammatical and mechanical errors. Or, the student will be able to perform all five take off and landing foot patterns. List of materials needed. This is extremely important to think through ahead of time. Will you need chart paper? A chalkboard? Overhead? Handouts? Art supplies? Power cords? Procure your materials ahead of time and have them ready before you begin your lesson. Much can happen in a classroom of rambunctious fourth graders while the teacher searches for the handouts she wanted to use. Procedures. State, step-by-step, how you are going to implement your plan. How are you going to introduce the lesson? How will you activate prior knowledge? If you are using handouts or manipulatives, when and how will you hand them out? Will you close with a review? How will you tie the lesson together?   Potential Problems and Pitfalls. What will you do if you suddenly realize the students do not have the requisite background necessary for the lesson plan? What will you do if your overhead projector light burns out? What will you do if you plan on showing a video during a history lesson and a student informs you that she feels uncomfortable watching this particular video? Do you have an alternative assignment ready? A place to send her? What will you do if . . .? Think through potential problems and pitfalls ahead of time and have a contingency plan. (Example, in a hands-on science lesson involving rubber bands and a group of eighth graders,when should you pass out the rubber bands? Hint: Not during the introduction.) Method(s) of Evaluation. How will you determine whether or not the student has met the learning objectives? Evaluations do not always have to be the formal, pencil and paper type. You may: observe whether the student has met the objectives, conference with the student,orally review as a group. There are many possibilities. Go here for a list of ways to evaluate learning. As stated earlier, these are just the "basics" of a lesson plan. The type of lesson plan you design will depend upon your individual circumstances, the lesson being taught, and the type of students involved. You students will learn more with a properly designed lesson in which you have paid careful attention to detail. It is a truism that "students don't do downtime." Students are astute. They know when their teacher is unprepared. And, unfortunately, on occasion, some students will take advantage of the situation to misbehave. Finally, when you are prepared, you are less stressed and more comfortable while teaching the lesson. Action Verbs for Learning Objectives Abstract Activate Acquire Adjust Analyze Appraise Arrange Articulate Assemble Assess Assist Associate Breakdown Build Calculate Carry out Catalog Categorize Change Check Cite Classify Collect Combine Compare Compute Contrast Complete Compose Compute Conduct Construct Convert Coordinate Count Criticize Critique Debate Decrease Define Demonstrate Describe Design Detect Develop Differentiate Direct Discuss Discover Distinguish Draw Dramatize Employ Establish Estimate Evaluate Examine Explain Explore Express Extrapolate Formulate Generalize Identify Illustrate Implement Improve Increase Infer Integrate Interpret Introduce Investigate Judge Limit List Locate Maintain Manage Modify Name Observe Operate Order Organize Perform Plan Point Predict Prepare Prescribe Produce Propose Question Rank Rate Read Recall Recommend Recognize Reconstruct Record Recruit Reduce Reflect Relate Remove Reorganize Repair Repeat Replace Report Reproduce Research Restate Restructure Revise Rewrite Schedule Score Select Separate Sequence Sing Sketch Simplify Skim Solve Specify State Structure Summarize Supervise Survey Systematize Tabulate Test Theorize Trace Track Train Transfer Translate Update Use Utilize Verbalize Verify Visualize Write

HOMEWORK

"Learning Teaching" by Jim Scrivener

PPP as a lesson sequence

The most basic and maybe common teaching sequence, that teacher use for all type of classes, is known as PPP, Presentation-Practice-Production.

The PPP model is one way of categorizing/planning main stages of a lesson.

• First, the teacher presents an item of language in a clear context to get across its meaning. This could be done in a variety of ways: through a text, a situation, a dialogue etc.

• Students are then asked to complete a controlled practice stage, where they may have to repeat target items through choral and individual drilling, fill gaps or match halves of sentences. All of this practice demands that the student uses the language correctly and helps them to become more comfortable with it.

• Finally, they move on to the production stage, sometimes called the 'free practice' stage. Students are given a communication task such as a role play and are expected to produce the target language and use any other language that has already been learnt and is suitable for completing it.

Here some examples of classical PPP lesson plans, labeled with the E-S-A stages(Harmer):

1. Build up a situation or context                 (Engage)
2. (Present) Introduce the grammar point    (Study)
3. (Practice) Controlled/restricted practice    (Study or Activate?)
4. (Produce) Freer practice                          (Activate)

1. Warm up                                    (Engage)
2.  Listening or Reading                         (Activate)
3. Careful listening or reading                    (Activate)
4. (Present) Highlight the grammar point     (Study)
5. (Practice) Controlled/restricted practice   (Study or Activate)
6. (Produce) Freer practice                         (Activate)

Conclusion – my personal opinion and proposal

During Methodology I and II we came around with different models of lesson planning, like SIOP lesson plan , Boomerang and Patchwork Lessons (J. Harmer's "How to teach English").  We have learned that structuring a lesson is complex and should be focused on the teaching objectives, the purpose of the task or topic (grammar or vocabulary) or covering a specific language skill( reading, listening, writing, speaking). Reading about PPP in Jim Scrivener´s “Learning Teaching “and how he refers to the first of three steps in traditional lesson design seems to go back to the very roots of lesson planning.

PPP offers a very simplified approach to language learning. It is based upon the idea that you can present language in neat little blocks, adding from one lesson to the next. However, research shows us that we cannot predict or guarantee what the students will learn and that ultimately a wide exposure to language is the best way of ensuring that students will acquire it effectively. Teachers therefore have to adapt their planning to the necessity and level of their students.  Not every lesson has to be (and cannot be) based on a PPP model. There are also other ways of structuring/using the stages of a lesson.

Overall, I think PPP lesson plans are very limited.  It would be convenient if good lessons only needed 3 key steps, but I think good lessons need a lot more. 

During my research I found a really interesting model that called especially my attention. I would like to share it here with you and don’t hesitate to comment! It is called EDUCARE? Normally used in general education, but I think it is very useful for language learning:

EDUCARE?

Explanation (= clarification of language or skills by the teacher, through reading, through discovery tasks, etc.)

Demonstration (= in ELT, listening to or reading examples of English in use)

Use                (= the more controlled/restricted practice steps, including drills)

Check/correct (= self/peer/teacher correction; tasks to check understanding; CCQs, etc.)

Aide-memoire (= getting handouts, writing summaries of the lesson, etc.)

Review/recycle (= seeing and using the language again, and again, and again)

Evaluate          (= free/realistic/authentic use and consideration of the effectiveness of that use)

?                    (= a chance to ask questions)

The aim is to ensure that over a period of every few classes, with a good degree of flexibility in the exact order, learners should be provided with all of the above.

Glogster - Reading Lesson Plan

Prezi Presentation Teaching Reading

TEACHING READING

Summary
To The Queen
by Alfred Lord Tennyson

This poem is the epilogue of Tennyson´s most notable work “Idylls of the King”, a series of twelve poems retelling part of the story of Arthur and his knights. It  is  addressed  to  Queen  Victoria,  encouraging her in  her grief  over the death of her beloved Prince Albert not to allow Britain to lose strength  in carrying out her  destiny.
The work is, he says,

''an old imperfect tale,
New-old, and shadowing sense at war with soul.''

By ''new-old" he means that he will re-tell these old stories as a nineteenth-century poet, and with the best ideals of his own age in full view ; that, while retaining the mediaeval imagery, he will adapt the legends to the feelings and sentiments of his own generation.

Summary
Home They Brought Her Warrior Dead 
by Alfred Lord Tennyson

The body of a dead soldier is brought home to his wife and she cannot show her sorrow because she is in shock. The maid believes that her mistress should cry out her pain, otherwise the grief will kill her. She tries to make her weep by praising the dead husband but the wife stills without showing any reaction. Then the maid removes the cloth that covers the face hoping the grief to flow out, but it does not. A ninety year old nurse puts their child upon her knee,  suddenly tears roll down and she can finally show her pain.

Summary

An ecology of houses
by Kevin Burke

The article “An Ecology of Houses” by Kevin Burke brings us face to face with the relationship between nature and human beings, the process of changing the environment and altering it by natural selection.

As human beings we have made up a romantic picture of nature in our minds during the time. Sceneries which don’t include people and idealistic landscapes show up in our imagination.

But currently we are far away from such an idyllic set and are in constant conflict with our environment. The modifying of the methods of natural selection has consequences for human evolution, as nature is in part created by humans.

The process is the transforming of the environment by the subjects themselves being an essential part of it and the fact of the capability of changing it. We call this ecological niche construction.

In the United States the suburban sprawl has been the main cause of modification of environment. Natural selection in this case is strongly related with profit and economic growth. But can we talk about natural selection then? It seems that the terms ecology and economy actually don’t fit together in sense of sprawl and construction, even if they have the same root.

In the 1950s in USA, people in many cities tended to move their residences to the countryside. The land that was used for farming before was now converted into residential neighborhoods and that fact had bigger consequences for local and global environment.

In global terms sprawl has caused global warming because of higher emissions from cars that are necessary to move to outside the cities. 

But the most serious problem due to the sprawl is water contamination and consequently water depletion which has been a great concern in modern US cities.

In conclusion we have to reconsider the meaning of natural selection. We must be aware in what way we are altering evolution by creating our urban living spaces.  That doesn't  instantly mean that we have to put behind our romantic picture of nature and how we should include it in our city planning. We have to be conscious that we are part of nature and nature is part of us and that we depend each from another.

Summary

The Velociraptor-Like Robot That Could Save Your Life

by Valerie Ross

In this article we learn about biologist Robert Full’s design of search and rescue robots by studying the behavior of lizards.

Especially African agama lizards have an enormous capacity to make a perfect landing after a flight by moving their tails up and down. Full wants apply the technique to the robot that must persist upright when climbing difficult landscape.

Full has built a four-wheeled vehicle with a tail, which he and his team call Tailbot. By lifting its tail before jumping from a ramp it is able to land even more perfectly than the lizards.

That invents led Full to another area, paleontology. He discovered that the dinosaur velociraptor used much the same skill. He made a model that shows that the raptors were apparently even better at staying upright by using their tails. Despite of not being able to confirm his theory he could show his knowledge in the movie Jurassic Park where the dinosaurs jump and move in a perfect way.

LESSON PLAN CITIES 6TH GRADE

LESSON PLANS METHODOLOGY II UNIT CITIES

CATEDRA 1 LESSON PLANS DETAILED

Rationale
Rubric for speaking activities

HERE YOU'LL FIND TWO LINKS THEY LEAD YOU TO 
 MY CLASSMATES', BARBARA's AND MARIA DE LOS ANGELES' PRESENTATIONS WHO DID THE  "ADAPTING" AND "ADDING" PART, RESPECTIVELY :

          ADAPTING   

ADDING